by KATHRYN “KITSIE” EMERSON

When renowned dhalang Purbo Asmoro received Siddharth Chandra’s invitation to create and perform a full-length wayang kulit tale based on the 1920 play Awas L?lara Inpluwensa (Beware the Disease of Influenza), he was immediately inspired by the challenge. Purbo Asmoro is no stranger to creative construction of wayang tales that fall outside of traditional structures and was already active in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic through his art. Having received the materials from Siddharth Chandra on 5 July 2021, he live-streamed his original work entitled Tamba T?ka, Lara Lunga (Remedy Shows Up, Malady Gives Up) on his YouTube channel on 28 September 2021, only two-and-a-half months later.

In the four to five years before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, dhalang across Java had been embracing live-streaming of their performances. By 2018, almost every major dhalang across Java had started a YouTube channel and was broadcasting performances regularly. Superstar dhalang might have as many as 2,000 in attendance at their wayang and as many as another 10,000 viewing the live stream on YouTube. This established medium of wayang in a virtual format was to come in handy once COVID-19 began to ravage Java and other parts of Indonesia in early 2020.

Finding a voice during the pandemic

The first of many COVID-19 lockdowns in Indonesia was put into place on 20 March 2020. This sent a shock wave through the dhalang community whose profession is characterised by gathering large crowds in relatively small spaces. Purbo Asmoro was the first dhalang to make a public statement of concern just five days later, on 25 March 2020. Without warning or fanfare, he began to broadcast live from his home via YouTube and proceeded to perform a wayang completely alone – no 25 member gamelan troupe accompaniment, no technical team, and not a single person in the audience. He performed a ritual-cleansing story known as Sudamala (Lessen the Affliction) and by midnight much of the artistic community in Java was abuzz, emboldened by the idea that COVID-19 shutdowns did not have to mean artistic silence.

Purbo Asmoro continued to directly address the suffering and frustration caused by the pandemic in 62 subsequent performances, mostly virtual, held almost weekly over the next 18 months. Through his original interpretations of wayang tales, which he made relevant to what was happening, he invited the community to reflect on the effects of the pandemic.

The invitation by Siddharth Chandra, however, was something very different. Over 100 years ago, a fellow Javanese dhalang was asked by a Dutch colonial health official to create a play (Purbo Asmoro felt the 1920 play was written by a dhalang, but we cannot know for sure) that would educate the general public on how to treat the sick and prevent further spread of the disease during the 1918 flu pandemic. And now Purbo Asmoro had the script, complete with some simple illustrations, in his hands. This powerful connection to the suffering of his fellow Indonesians from a century ago, through the words of a fellow dhalang, captivated his imagination. Purbo Asmoro went about the process of studying the script as a starting point for constructing a full-length wayang, which he hoped would be dynamic, and meaningful to his current-day audience.

Inspiration despite a personal crisis

Two factors came into the equation that both slowed Purbo Asmoro down and helped forge an even more intimate relationship with the project. First, almost simultaneously upon receiving the proposal from Siddharth Chandra, Purbo Asmoro himself came down with a serious case of the Delta variant of COVID-19. Although he was quite ill, he had decided not to tell anyone outside his immediate household. He felt it was crucial to keep knowledge of his illness out of the general artistic community chatter, because of the second factor in the equation – his elder colleague, friend and a legendary superstar dhalang, Manteb Soedharsono, had died of COVID-19 three days earlier, and Purbo Asmoro had likely fallen ill as a result of the same superspreader.

A powerful government official had skirted the pandemic regulations and sponsored a mass-audience wayang in Jakarta, with Manteb Soedharsono as the dhalang and Nurroso Ensemble, directed by Blacius Subono, as the gamelan troupe. By the time the crew returned from Jakarta many of them had started to feel ill. Purbo Asmoro’s son, Kukuh Indrasmara, was one of the Nurroso performers. The troupe returned to Solo on 26 June 2021 and Manteb Soedharsono passed away a week later, on 2 July 2021. Four days after returning home, Purbo Asmoro’s son Kukuh came down with the infection and soon after that his mother, older brother, and finally, on 3 July, his father, Purbo Asmoro followed suit.

Dhalang are some of the most revered members of any traditional Javanese neighborhood. Superstar dhalang, like Manteb Soedharsono and Purbo Asmoro tend to be idolised by the entire nation. They are thought to be able to do no less than shift the path of a rainstorm away from an important event and are trusted to keep their entire crew safe from traffic accidents, illnesses, or other turns of bad luck. While it might have been understandable that a virus was killing off average citizens, it was incomprehensible to many that it had conquered the life of the invincible Manteb Soedharsono. And now, Purbo Asmoro had isolated himself away in his room, deathly ill from the very same strain of the virus, imagining how overwhelming it might be if the news of his illness came out. 

Inside Indonesia for more

by KESTER KENN KLOMEGAH

At the first ministerial conference of the Russia-Africa Partnership Forum in the southern coastal city of Sochi, seeking to deepen political and business ties with African countries, Russian President Vladimir Putin in his message and Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov in his powerful speech underlined Russia’s security support to fight terrorism and extremism across Africa.

As Russia has expressed readiness to provide security it signed documents on military cooperation with African countries, according to media reports emerging from the first Russia-Africa ministerial conference held on 9-10 November 2024.

Setting long-term security alliances

In his message, Vladimir Putin reaffirmed the continuity in providing comprehensive assistance to African partners across a wide range of sectors. This includes supporting sustainable development, combating terrorism and extremism in Africa.

On his side, Lavrov also stressed the determination to intensify cooperation in the fight against terrorism and address other new security challenges in Africa, according to a statement on the Russian Foreign Ministry’s website.

“We confirm readiness to establish a permanent Russian-African dialogue mechanism at the highest level, which will contribute to building peace, stability and security, as well as coordinating efforts to combat terrorism and extremism, address environmental problems, as well as issues related to food and information security,” the document posted on the Russian Foreign Ministry’s website said.

Russia’s military assistance will be in exchange for full access to raw materials and exploiting natural resources, training military specialists and supply of military equipment and weaponry. Russia’s relations with Africa have been strengthening in multifaceted directions over the past few years. Its influence has grown too significantly as authorities demonstrated steps to help Africa struggle against western dominance especially in the emerging multipolarity architecture in this present world.

It is not a hidden fact that Russia earns revenue by increasing exports, including military equipment and weaponry to Africa. It exports grains, oil and gas. And therefore, several agreements signed would allow Russia to have a full access to exploring natural resources in exchange for its military assistance, as these African countries face financial difficulties. Russia has signed bilateral military-technical cooperation agreements with more than 20 African countries.

Challenges arising from security alliances

Given the persistent complex nature of conflicts in Africa and within the local conditions, the African Union Security Commission, Regional Organizations and related specialized security agencies, after exhaustively review and discussions during high meeting, offered strong recommendations.

In the past, African leaders, for example, AUC Moussa Faki Mahamat, South African Cyril Ramaphosa, Rwandan Paul Kagame shared the same position with Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, that dealing with existing conflicts and disputes on the continent, it is necessary to mobilize collective efforts to resolve them and “must be confined to this continent and quarantined from the contamination of non-African interference.”

Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and other leaders, at the 36th Ordinary Session of the African Union (AU) held in Addis Ababa, further highlighted their opinions and perspectives which have been related to the backyard by the Francophones. Developments in these conflict-infested countries have negatively been affected, with millions of people displaced and ultimately pushed into abject poverty.

Until today, Africa’s peace-building processes have remarkably been complicated by external forces, largely imposing their aspirations to exploit natural resources and, to a greater extent, influencing internal policies which shape the future directions in those countries. In the long-run, Africa’s illusive dream of unity makes the future uncertain.

Defeating terrorism through multilateral cooperation

Inter Press Service for more

by EVAN BUSH

A new report describes the dire state of Earth’s snow and ice, suggesting several major tipping points are likelier than scientists once thought.

The Summary

• A new report describes the dire state of Earth’s snow and ice.
• Among other findings, it warns that several key climate tipping points appear more likely to be reached than previously thought.
• They include ice melt that could cause severe sea-level rise and the collapse of a crucial ocean current that governs how heat cycles in the Atlantic Ocean.

Venezuela lost its final glacier this year. The Greenland Ice Sheet is losing, on average, 30 million tons of ice per hour. Ice loss from the Thwaites Glacier, also known as the “Doomsday” glacier because its collapse could precipitate rapid Antarctic ice loss, may be unstoppable. 

These are just a few of the stark findings from more than 50 leading snow and ice scientists, which are detailed in a new report from the International Cryosphere Climate Initiative.

The report summarizes the state of snow and ice in 2024: In short, experts agree, it’s been a horrible year for the frozen parts of Earth, an expected result of global warming. What’s more, top cryosphere scientists are growing increasingly worried that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a key ocean current that governs how heat cycles in the Atlantic Ocean, is on a path toward collapse. 

A rapid halt to the current would cause rapid cooling in the North Atlantic, warming in the Southern Hemisphere and extreme changes in precipitation. If that happens, the new report suggests, northern Europe could cool by about 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit in a decade.

The report highlights a shift in consensus: Scientists once thought tipping points — like the collapse of AMOC — were distant or remote possibilities. Now, some of those thresholds are appearing more likely to be crossed, and with less runway to turn the situation around. 

“The latest science is not telling us that things are any different to what we knew before, necessarily, but it’s telling us with more confidence and more certainty that these things are more likely to happen,” said Helen Findlay, an author of the report and a professor and biological oceanographer at Plymouth Marine Laboratory in England. “The longer we record these things, and the longer we’re able to observe them and start to understand and monitor them, there’s more certainty in the system and we start to really understand how these tipping points are working.”

Last month, 44 leading scientists wrote in an open letter to leaders of Nordic countries that the collapse of AMOC remained “highly uncertain” but that evidence in favor of such a collapse was mounting, and risks have been underestimated. Dramatic changes to the AMOC, they warned, would “likely lead to unprecedented extreme weather” and “potentially threaten the viability of agriculture in northwestern Europe.”

The new report similarly draws attention to the risk of AMOC collapse. 

Additionally, it projects that roughly two-thirds of glacier ice in the European Alps will be lost by 2050 if global greenhouse gas emissions keep their pace. Already, an estimated 10 million people are at risk of glacial outburst floods in Iceland, Alaska and Asia — a phenomenon already occurring as meltwater collapses ice dams and rapidly floods downstream. If high emissions continue, the report adds, models suggest that sea level could rise by roughly 10 feet in the 2100s, imperiling parts of many coastal cities. 

The report was released as world leaders gathered Monday in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, for the United Nations’ COP29 climate conference. 

“Timing is everything,” said Julie Brigham-Grette, a geosciences professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and an author of the new report. 

She said the group hopes to rattle world leaders to attention: “The sense of urgency couldn’t be higher. We’ve been talking about urgency for a decade. It almost starts to feel like a useless word. What’s more than ‘urgent?’ ‘Catastrophic?’ We’ve run out of ways to describe it.” 

To date, the report says, world governments are falling short on the pledges they made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as part of the Paris Agreement. 

Even if they were on track, those commitments are insufficient to reach global climate goals, the authors say. On paper, the world’s pledges would limit the rise in global temperatures to about 2.3 degrees Celsius (4.1 degrees Fahrenheit) this century. That’s well short of the goal to cap warming at 1.5 degrees C. 

Global temperatures are currently on pace to rise more than 3 degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit), on average. 

NBC News for more

by RAVI KANT

India’s railways are as overcrowded, unhygienic and deadly as ever while e-ticketing scam gouges the poorest and most vulnerable

A system is only as effective as your level of commitment to it Audrely  Moralez

The statement above emphasizes the vital importance of personal engagement in a system’s effectiveness, no matter how sophisticated or well-organized it may be.

India has the fourth-largest railway network in the world, following the United States, Russia and China. It serves around 23 million passengers on 14,000 trains daily. However, in terms of passenger service and rail safety, Indian Railways’ record is badly lacking compared to its global peers.

Over 100,000 train-related deaths occurred in India between 2017 and 2021, according to a 2022 report published by the National Crime Records Bureau. This figure includes cases in which passengers fell from carriages and were hit by speeding trains in addition to train collisions. 

Most recently, on October 27, at least 10 people were injured, with two in critical condition, following a stampede at Mumbai’s busy Bandra Terminal triggered by a surge of travelers returning to their hometowns for the upcoming Diwali and Chhath festivals. A video of the incident went viral on social media. 

Major stations across India have seen a massive surge of passengers. During holidays, people who have migrated to big cities like Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore for various reasons—mainly employment—head home by train. 

Union Railways Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw announced that a record 7,345 new special trains are operating to accommodate passengers during the festive season. However, the reality on the ground reveals that preparations are inadequate.

Passengers are being forced to sit in toilets due to overcrowding. This issue is common across many trains and is not new; similar conditions were observed last year and in previous years.

Asia Times for more

by MEGAN THIELE STRONG

“The double standards need to be eliminated.”

It was good money. Working in a restaurant in the late nineties, it was a good night when I surpassed $5 an hour. In the early 2000s, in a bigger city, I could make $14 an hour between tips and my $2.13 hourly rate. Waiting tables in the clubs, I routinely made $25 an hour between tips and an hourly rate of more than $5. Some dancers regularly made hundreds of dollars a night, even after payout to the house.

I learned many things working in the industry, including discretion. Like fight club, I learned to not talk about strip clubs outside of the club. It was something I needed to keep quiet about if I wanted to be seen as legitimate in the other spaces I was in. These were separate worlds. Once, when a man entered the club, a dancer who was a parent hid and begged to leave early because she recognized him as her child’s principal.

Fifteen years later, after I caught my fiancé cheating, I found solace in communities of betrayed women. These groups had little tolerance for sex workers. It was as though because of their jobs — because they were sex workers — they could not be betrayed the way other women could be betrayed. Many wives blamed sex workers more than their husbands for infidelity.

Negotiating these two identities — that of a betrayed partner and also that of someone who had worked in the adult entertainment industry — was tough. I could ignore my experiences working in so-called gentlemen’s clubs and receive support, or I could out myself and speak up for sex workers and be attacked as unworthy. I blocked many people during this time. I couldn’t help but think about how to bridge this gap.

As a sociologist, it is easy to argue that marriage is the ultimate form of sex work. A general rule of marriage in heteronormative patriarchal society is that men are the breadwinners and women provide sex. If men don’t uphold their end of this ideal, they are penalized, both with separation and less sex. Until the 1970s, nonconsensual sex in marriage was considered legal. Since then, many states have made spousal rape illegal, although loopholes still exist. And non-consummation of a marriage can be grounds for annulment, even in California. Of course, sexless marriages exist, and sex inside of marriage doesn’t have to be work.

Huff Post for more

by B. R. GOWANI

comedian Tony Hinchcliffe called Puerto Rico a floating island of garbage

President Joe Biden countered by calling Trump supporters

‘The only garbage I see floating out there is his supporters. His demonization of Latinos is unconscionable, and it’s un-American. It’s totally contrary to everything we’ve done, everything we’ve been.”

Biden’s Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said he didn’t mean “the supporters”

Trump said “250 million people are not garbage”

Trump got a garbage truck, hopped onto the truck and said:

“How do you like my garbage truck?” “This truck is in honor of Kamala and Joe Biden.”

“Joe Biden should be ashamed of what he’s doing …”

but one thing is for sure — Trump is a trash-digger

from the garbage truck, he found the most stinking trash for his team

but somehow, this trash-digger did not choose one piece of trash

on November 4, 2024, Trump announced that he won’t go for Dimon

Jamie Dimon, Chairman & CEO of JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM)

though, this piece of shit wouldn’t have mind if it was selected

like Trump team, he doesn’t believe in regulations which hinder looting

at a conference, Dimon complained about regulators

“We are suing our regulators over and over and over because things are becoming unfair and unjust, and they are hurting companies, a lot of these rules are hurting lower-paid individuals.”

whether it’s Dimon, Trump, Biden, Musk, Gates, or any other exploiter

they all are always worried about the hurt of lower-paid individuals

it’s like A, after beating the hell out of B, tells B that he can’t see her pain

Dimon says “unfair and unjust” things are “hurting companies”

companies have grown bigger & CEOs have become fatter, in reality

Dimon is worth $2.6 billion and his pay in 2023 was $36 million

JPMorgan Chase is the largest US bank & also the world’s largest bank

B. R. Gowani can be reached at brgowani@hotmail.com

by VALEN IRICIBAR

For decades, the shadowy Roman Catholic organization Opus Dei has recruited poor, rural girls in Argentina on the promise of education and a better life. Instead, they have ended up working for years with no pay and found themselves unable to retire when they age — even when they suffer serious health problems.

Over the years, several of them have filed legal complaints — but none have prospered. Then, in September 2024, Argentine federal prosecutors handed down a bombshell indictment accusing high-ranking members of the Roman Catholic organization Opus Dei of human trafficking and slave labor. It is the first time an organization within the Catholic Church has faced accusations of this magnitude.

Although there are 44 cases cited in the investigation, only four are included in the human trafficking indictment because most occurred before Argentina’s human trafficking law went into force in May 2008. Due to statutory limitations, three may soon be out of time.

The Herald spoke to Paula Bistagnino (pictured), an investigative journalist and author whose work was cited in the judicial proceedings, about the inner workings of the highly insular and influential institution. Bistagnino went into the details of the Opus Dei, how the charges came about, and the importance of the indictment.

For many international readers, the words “Opus Dei” might be reminiscent of a Dan Brown novel or conspiracy fodder. Could you explain what the Opus Dei is?

It’s the Catholic church’s only prelature [ecclesiastical jurisdiction] that’s allowed to function autonomously. It has a pretty secretive operation with very rigorous practices imposed on its lay members, who are called “numeraries.” These include self-flagellation, vows of chastity and poverty, and obedience. They have super strict everyday rules, including “mortifications” and sacrifices with intense spiritual control. It operates within a hierarchy that practically doesn’t allow members to make decisions for themselves. 

When you hear about it, it sounds anachronistic, out of our time, right? But it’s being upheld, it’s outlined in their internal statutes. Even Opus Dei members in Spain have denounced that those statutes are different from those they present to the Catholic Church. It’s not exactly two-faced but there’s at least a hidden face to the organization, clearly. Dan Brown is literature, fiction, but there are elements that are true.

What exactly has the Argentine judiciary presented against the Opus Dei? 

This is a judicial case that stemmed from an individual criminal complaint from a lawyer who read media coverage of the Opus Dei. He filed a complaint with the state anti-trafficking agency, PROTEX. Through the women involved and multiple witnesses, PROTEX can depict a system of recruitment, capture, and exploitation. In the end, there are 44 cases of women who were subjected to this between the 1980s and 2015. The complaint was filed in the federal judiciary, which continued the investigation alongside Procuraduría. 

Based on that, we get the accusation against Opus Dei’s maximum authorities of human trafficking and labor exploitation over the past 40 years. Most of the Opus Dei consists of laypeople, but its upper echelons are religious: five priests who led the organization over the years stand accused. Four were regional vicars, the maximum authority of the region (in this case, Rio de la Plata), and one was in charge of the feminine branch. 

What we have now isn’t just a complaint, it’s an indictment based on the investigation. The prosecutor’s office handed it over to Federal Judge Daniel Rafecas, who’s asking for a few additional measures before summoning these religious authorities to testify and explain how this system works. 

Buenos Aires Herald for more

by RICARDO DE QUEROL

The documentary ‘The Lost Tapes’ contains the confessions of the actress at the moment of her greatest global fame. She said she was frustrated by the constraints of Hollywood stardom and eager to be recognized for her talent

She was one of the most beautiful living beings ever to appear on the big screen, but she spoke of it as if it were a curse. Elizabeth Taylor could not imagine herself not being famous, because she had been a celebrity since the age of 10. She was the first star to suffer from the paparazzi phenomenon: journalists would try to sneak into her house by any means, even posing as plumbers. And her stormy private life — she was married eight times to seven men — made her fodder for the tabloid press. What she really wanted was to be recognized for her talent as an actress, which is not the same as being a movie star, and she regretted that she only achieved this on rare occasions.

The confessions of the diva par excellence can be heard in her own voice in Elizabeth Taylor: The Lost Tapes, available on Max. In 1964, when she was 32, Taylor had a series of recorded conversations, totaling around 40 hours, with Richard Meryman, a journalist for Life magazine and author of biographies of Hollywood figures (some of which were presented as autobiographies). The conversation gave rise to the book Elizabeth Taylor: An Informal Memoir, which did not show the journalist’s signature. It was not until after the writer’s death, in 2015, that these tapes were discovered, in which the actress expressed herself with enormous frankness, trusting that they would never be reproduced. Film director Nanette Burstein has given shape to this HBO documentary, produced by J. J. Abrams, which revolves around Taylor talking about herself, accompanied by archival footage and interviews with some of her Hollywood colleagues.

At one point, Taylor gets desperate with Maryman, who insists on asking her about her beauty. The journalists asks her if she realizes that she is a sex symbol, a sexual goddess. “You’ve asked me that 19 times!” the actress protests. And she answers: “I’m a girl, I’m a woman. I don’t feel special.” She also mentions some of the times she felt discriminated against, harassed or threatened, precisely because she was attractive. The most disturbing: one of her husbands, the sinister Eddie Fisher, pointed his gun at her head and said: “Don’t worry, I won’t kill you because you’re too pretty.” She goes so far as to confess to the interviewer: “I’m looking forward to getting fat, obese, flabby.”

Taylor suffered from what her public image had become. “I think I have the image of a superficial person,” she says. “I suggest something illicit because of my personal life. But I am not illicit or immoral.” Her own father called her a whore for her relationship history when she left Fisher. And she was especially hurt when the Vatican newspaper wrote that she deserved to lose custody of her children. Her successive marriages were frowned upon in her time, although with today’s eyes they portray a free woman who sought stability but knew how to break off a toxic relationship (and hers were so more than once).

She had not studied acting, having spent part of her childhood in the studios (starting with There’s One Born Every Minute in 1942). But she boasted of her instinct, of her ability to truly believe in each character. She admitted her frustration with the roles that were available to her: “I am not happy with what I am or what I have done,” she said. “I am a movie star who has been able to act a couple of times.”

El Pais for more

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL

Responding to attacks on protesters and journalists during nationwide demonstrations following Mozambique’s disputed election, Amnesty International’s Deputy Regional Director for East and Southern Africa, Khanyo Farisè, said:?  

“Mozambique’s authorities must immediately halt their escalating assault on the rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly. Across the country, police have cracked down on opposition protests with live bullets, tear gas and arbitrary arrests. Medical groups report at least ten people killed and dozens wounded. Hundreds have been arbitrarily arrested. 

“With more protests planned from 31 October, the government and security forces must respect and uphold everyone’s right to protest, express themselves and access information in Mozambique.?Attempts to crush peaceful dissent with force risk exacerbating an already dire human rights situation. 

Mozambique’s authorities must immediately halt their escalating assault on the rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.Khanyo Farisè, Amnesty International Deputy Regional Director for East and Southern Africa

“No one should be detained, injured or killed simply for peacefully protesting. Authorities must immediately release all those detained simply for the peaceful exercise of their human rights. Authorities must credibly and effectively investigate allegations of killings, bring perpetrators to justice and ensure effective remedies for victims’ families. 

“Authorities have directly targeted journalists covering protests and cut off internet access in clear attacks on free expression and access to information. It is crucial that people can speak freely online and offline. The authorities must let journalists do their work and keep the internet on.” 

Background

Opposition supporters have protested alleged vote-rigging after Mozambique’s general elections on 9 October. 

Police fired at a peaceful rally in Nampula on 16 October. The following week, police repeatedly attacked protesters during nationwide demonstrations called by opposition leader Venancio Mondlane.  

Attempts to crush peaceful dissent with force risk exacerbating an already dire human rights situation.Khanyo Farisè, Amnesty International Deputy Regional Director for East and Southern Africa

On 24 October, the electoral commission declared ruling Frelimo party candidate Daniel Chapo the winner with 71% of the vote, with Mondlane at 20%. On 25 October, authorities cut mobile internet access countrywide. 

On 28 October, Mondlane and the opposition PODEMOS party filed an official challenge demanding a recount, alleging rigging. Mondlane has called for seven days of protests starting 31 October. 

Mozambique has a history of human rights violations during disputed elections, including last year. 

Amnesty International for more