by SONIA SHAH
“A 3-year-old girl plays under an insecticide-treated mosquito net in Nairobi, Kenya.” PHOTO/European Press Agency/The Wall Street Journal
It was the emperor Caracalla’s physician, Serenus Sammonicus, who in the second century came up with Rome’s first antimalaria quick-fix, one that later became literally synonymous with magical solutions everywhere. An amulet should be worn, Sammonicus advised, inscribed with a powerful incantation: “Abracadabra.”
It didn’t work, needless to say. Thanks to deforestation and flooding that extended mosquito habitat, malaria worsened near the end of the Roman empire, contributing to its decline. It took a lot more than Abracadabras for the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, to unclench its tentacles: a state-run quinine distribution program in the early 1900s, the ruthless swampland reclamation programs of Mussolini a few decades later, a blitz of DDT around midcentury, and the general economic transformation of the lot of the Italian peasant all had to run their long and arduous course before malaria departed from Italy, centuries after Rome fell.
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