Monkeys found to wonder what might have been

Courtesy Duke University Medical Center and World Science staff

Recordings of brain cells have found that monkeys take note of missed opportunities and learn from their mistakes, scientists say.

“This is the first evidence that monkeys, like people, have ‘would-have, could-have, should-have’ thoughts,” said Ben Hayden of Duke University Medical Center in Durham, N.C., lead author of the study published in the research journal Science.

The researchers watched individual neurons in a region of the brain called the anterior cingulate cortex that monitors the consequences of actions and mediates resulting changes in behavior. The monkeys were making choices that resulted in different amounts of juice as a reward.

Their task was like the TV show “Let’s Make a Deal” with the experimenters offering monkeys choices from an array of hidden rewards. During each trial, the monkeys chose from one of eight identical white squares arranged in a circle. A color beneath the white square was revealed and the monkey received the corresponding reward.

Over many weeks, the monkeys were trained to associate a high-value reward with the color green and the low-value rewards with other colors. After receiving a reward, the monkey was also shown the prizes he missed.

The researchers found that brain cells become activated in proportion to the reward—a greater reward caused a higher response. They also found that these same brain cells, called neurons, responded when monkeys saw what they missed. Most of these neurons responded the same way to a real or imagined reward.

World Science for more

When the Little Ones Run the Show

Children’s Parliament Offers Disillusioned Indians a Rare Example of Clean Politics

By Emily wax (Washington Post)


Tazim Ali, 9, seen with his parents, is president of the children’s parliament. (By Pragya Krishna For The Washington Post)


The Varanasi children’s parliament drew a turnout of 95 percent in June in its first-ever elections. It provides a platform for children to voice their problems. (Courtesy Of Vishal Bharat Sansthan)
VARANASI, India, May 13 — As one of the most popular political figures in this impoverished northeastern Indian city, Tazim Ali fields round-the-clock cellphone calls about such everyday problems as child hunger, domestic violence and caste discrimination.
The only thing that’s unusual is that Tazim is 9.

He’s the 4-foot-tall president of the Varanasi children’s parliament, the first body of its kind in India, which — with 75 percent of its population younger than 35 — is one of the world’s most youthful nations. Tazim keeps his cellphone by his side all night and listens to reports of problems such as children falling down uncovered manholes, forced early marriages and sexual abuse by relatives and teachers.
“I was called recently because a 2-year-old girl didn’t have enough food. She ended up dying,” said the fourth-grader, who appears grave beyond his years with his neatly parted, wavy brown hair and ramrod-straight posture. “We can get people to pay attention to us. We brought the case to the police. They saw we were serious and didn’t want to turn children away. I think any kid who has a problem should call me.”

With its passionate leaders and reputation for prompt action, the four-member children’s parliament is not just a cute idea. It has become an example of honest, functional politics, and the excitement it inspires contrasts sharply with the disillusionment that many adults here say they feel about their politicians. Turnout in India’s month-long elections hovered below 60 percent, surprising many pundits, who had predicted that text-message campaigns, campus rallies and voter drives by Bollywood stars would propel more people to the polls.

Analysts say that many Indians deeply mistrust their political representatives, who are often referred to as bahubalis — strongmen. Nearly a quarter of the 543 elected members of Parliament have been charged with crimes, including rape and murder, according to the New Delhi-based Association for Democratic Reforms.

Although 880 million Indians struggle to get by on less than $2 a day, members of Parliament running for reelection this year have grown almost 300 percent richer on average since the previous poll, in 2004, according to a study of lawmakers’ assets released this week by National Election Watch, a coalition of nongovernmental organizations. The staggered voting ended Wednesday, and election results are due this weekend.
Washington Post for more

King of the Hate Business

By Alexander Cockburn (Counterpunch)

What is the arch-salesman of hate-mongering, Mr. Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center doing now? He’s saying that the election of a black president proves his point. Hate is on the rise! Send money!

Without skipping a beat, the mailshot moguls, who year after year make money selling the notion there’s been a right resurgence out there in the hinterland with massed legions of haters, have used the election of a black president to say that, yes, hate is on the rise and America ready to burst apart at the seams, with millions of extremists primed to march down Main Street draped in Klan robes, a copy of Mein Kampf tucked under one arm and a Bible under the other, available for sneak photographs from minions of Chip Berlet, another salesman of the Christian menace, ripely endowed with millions to battle the legions of the cross.

Ever since 1971 US Postal Service mailbags have bulged with Dees’ fundraising letters, scaring dollars out of the pockets of trembling liberals aghast at his lurid depictions of hate-sodden America, in dire need of legal confrontation by the SPLC. Nine years ago Ken Silverstein wrote a devastating commentary on Dees and the SPLC in Harpers, dissecting a typical swatch of Dees’ solicitations. At that time, as Silverstein pointed out, the SPLC was “the wealthiest civil rights group in America,” with $120 million in assets.
As of October 2008 the net assets of the SPLC were $170,240,129, The merchant of hate himself, Mr. Dees, was paid an annual $273,132 as chief trial counsel, and the SPLC’s president and CEO, Richard Cohen, $290,193. Total revenue in 2007 was $44,727,257 and program expenses $20,804,536. In other words, the Southern Poverty Law Center was raising twice as much as it was spending on its proclaimed mission. Fund-raising and administrative expenses accounted for $9 million, leaving $14 million to be put in the center’s vast asset portfolio.

The 990 non profit tax record for the SPLC indicates that the assets fell by about $50 million last year, meaning that like almost all non profits the SPLC took a bath in the stock crash. So what was thr end result of all that relentless hoarding down the year, as people of modest means, scared by Dees, sent him their contributions. Were they put to good use? It doesn’t seem so. They vanished in an electronic blip.

But where are the haters? That hardy old stand-by, the KKK, despite the SPLC’s predictable howls about an uptick in its chapters, is a moth-eaten and depleted troupe, at least 10 per cent of them on the government payroll as informants for the FBI. As Noel Ignatiev once remarked in his book Race Traitor, there isn’t a public school in any county in the USA that doesn’t represent a menace to blacks a thousand times more potent than that offered by the KKK, just as there aren’t many such schools that probably haven’t been propositioned by Dees to buy one of the SPLC’s “tolerance” programs. What school is going to go on record rejecting Dees-sponsored tolerance?

Dees and his hate-seekers scour the landscape for hate like the arms manufacturers inventing new threats and for the same reason: it’s their staple.

The SPLC’s latest “Year in Hate” report claims that “in 2008 the number of hate groups rose to 926, up 4 per cent from 2007, and 54 per cent since 2000.” The SPLC doesn’t measure the number of members in the groups, meaning they probably missed me. Change that total to 927. I’m a hate group, meaning in Dees-speak, “one with beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire class of people,” starting with Dick Cheney. I love to dream of him being water-boarded, subjected to loops of Schonberg played at top volume, locked up naked in a meat locker. But the nation’s haters are mostly like me, enjoying their (increasingly circumscribed) constitutionally guaranteed right to hate, solitary, disorganized, prone to sickening relapses into love, or at least the sort of amiable tolerance for All Mankind experienced when looking at photos of Carla Bruni and Princess Letizia of Spain kissing.

The effective haters are big, powerful easily identifiable entities. Why is Dees fingering militia men in a potato field in Idaho when we have identifiable, well-organized groups which the SPLC could take on. To cite reports from the Urban League, and United for a Fair Economy, minorities are more than three times as likely to hold high-cost subprime loans, foisted on them by predatory lenders, meaning the big banks; “all black and latino subprime borrowers could stand to lose between $164 billion and $213 billion for loans taken during the past eight years.”

Get those bankers and big mortgage touts into court, chief counsel Dees! How about helping workers fired by people who hate anyone trying to organize a union? What about defending immigrants rounded up in ICE raids? How about attacking the roots of southern poverty, and the system that sustains that poverty as expressed in the endless prisons and Death Rows across the south, disproportionately crammed with blacks and Hispanics?

You fight theatrically, the Dees way, or you fight substantively, like Stephen Bright, who makes only $11,000 as president and senior counsel of the Southern Center for Human Rights. The center’s director makes less than $50,000. It has net assets of a bit over $4.5 million and allocates about $1.6 million a year for expenses, 77 percent of its annual revenue. Bright’s outfit is basically dedicated to two things: prison litigation and the death penalty. He fights the system, case by case. Not the phony targets mostly tilted at by Dees but the effective, bipartisan, functional system of oppression, far more deadly and determined than the SPLC’s tin-pot hate groups. Tear up your check to Dees and send it to Bright,( http://www.schr.org/) or to the Institute for Southern Studies (http://www.southernstudies.org.html) run by Chris Kromm, which has been doing brilliant spadework on the economy, on poverty and on exploitation in the south for four decades.

Counterpunch for more

AND HE SHALL BE JUDGED

Former defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld has always answered his detractors by claiming that history will one day judge him kindly. But as he waits for that day, a new group of critics—his administration peers—are suddenly speaking out for the first time. What they’re saying? It isn’t pretty

By Robert Draper (GQ)

ON THE MORNING OF Thursday, April 10, 2003, Donald Rumsfeld’s Pentagon prepared a top-secret briefing for George W. Bush. This document, known as the Worldwide Intelligence Update, was a daily digest of critical military intelligence so classified that it circulated among only a handful of Pentagon leaders and the president; Rumsfeld himself often delivered it, by hand, to the White House. The briefing’s cover sheet generally featured triumphant, color images from the previous days’ war efforts: On this particular morning, it showed the statue of Saddam Hussein being pulled down in Firdos Square, a grateful Iraqi child kissing an American soldier, and jubilant crowds thronging the streets of newly liberated Baghdad. And above these images, and just below the headline SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, was a quote that may have raised some eyebrows. It came from the Bible, from the book of Psalms: “Behold, the eye of the Lord is on those who fear Him…To deliver their soul from death.”

This mixing of Crusades-like messaging with war imagery, which until now has not been revealed, had become routine. On March 31, a U.S. tank roared through the desert beneath a quote from Ephesians: “Therefore put on the full armor of God, so that when the day of evil comes, you may be able to stand your ground, and after you have done everything, to stand.” On April 7, Saddam Hussein struck a dictatorial pose, under this passage from the First Epistle of Peter: “It is God’s will that by doing good you should silence the ignorant talk of foolish men.” (To see these and more Bush-administration intelligence cover sheets, visit http://men.style.com/gq/features/topsecret

GQ for more

Sioux Indian Floyd Red Crow Westerman sings Custer Died for Your Sins

(George Armstrong Custer (1839-1876) was a US army officer who took part in the US Civil War (1861-1865) and wars against the Native Indians. He was killed in one of the wars which he lost against his opponent, the Lakota Sioux Chief, Sitting Bull. Ed.)

Lyrics by Vine De Loria Jr.

All the lies that were spoken
All the blood we have spilled
All the treaties that were broken
All the leaders you have still

Custer died for your sins!
Custer died for your sins!
Oh, a new day must begin
Custer died for your sins

All the tribes you terminated
Or the myth you keep alive
All the land you compensated
For freedom you deprive

Custer died for your sins!
Custer died for your sins!
Oh, a new day must begin!
Custer died… for your sins

Custer died for your sins!
Custer died for your sins!
Oh, a new day must begin
Custer died… for your sins.

For the truth that you pollute
For the life that you have tossed
for the good you prostitute
And for all that we have lost

Custer died for your sins!
Custer died for your sins!
Oh, a new day must begin
Custer died… for your sins.

Custer died for your sins!
Custer died for your sins!
Oh, a new day must begin
Custer died… for your sins.

Custer diiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iied!

Environment: West Bank Becomes Waste Land

By Mel Frykberg (Inter Press Service)


Photo by Erin Cunningham
Palestinian territories fast becoming a wasteland.

RAMALLAH, May 15 (IPS/IFEJ) – Israel has found a cheap and easy way to get rid of its waste, much of it hazardous: dump it into the West Bank. A few Palestinians can be bought, the rest are in no position to complain.

“Israel has been dumping waste, including hazardous and toxic waste, into the West Bank for years as a cheaper and easier alternative to processing it properly in Israel at appropriate hazardous waste management sites,” Palestinian Environmental Authority (PEA) deputy director Jamil Mtoor told IPS.

Shuqbah, a village of 5,000, lies near the border of Israel and the Palestinian Authority, not far from Ramallah. Israeli companies have been using land owned by a Palestinian middleman in the village to dump tonnes of garbage for as little as 30 dollars per tonne, significantly cheaper than dumping it at Israeli waste sites.

“For several years Israeli companies have been dumping solid and hazardous waste there,” Mtoor told IPS. “The subsequent burning of toxic waste including items such as x-ray films releases carcinogens into the environment, and this has affected the population, with many people developing asthma and related illnesses.”

The Israelis earlier buried the carcasses of thousands of chickens infected with the avian flu virus near Nablus in the northern West Bank, said Mtoor. The PEA also uncovered 500 barrels of insecticide in Hebron in the southern West Bank. Again, a Palestinian middleman had been paid off to accept the barrels on his property.

While the PA has arrested the individuals involved, and is taking legal action against a number of them, it is difficult to bring Palestinians cooperating with Israeli dumping companies to book.

“The Israelis are taking advantage of extremely poor individuals with large families to support and with limited sources of income, in a society with high rates of unemployment,” said Mtoor.

Israel exerts complete control over more than 40 percent of the West Bank. The territory is divided into Areas A, B and C. Only Area A falls under PA control. Area B falls under Israeli and limited Palestinian jurisdiction, while Area C is controlled by Israel.

Inter Press Service for more

Bangladesh military exercise near border

by Nyein Chan

Dhaka (Mizzima) – Closely monitired by the Burmese Army, the Bangladeshi armed forces comprising of the army, navy and air force are conducting a joint military exercise in the Bay of Bengal, near the maritime boundary of the two contiguous countries.

Two military exercises, including one in Cox’s Bazaar, about 80 kms from the Bangladesh-Burma border, were conducted on May 8th and 13th respectively.

“About 500 personnel from the army, navy and air force units took part in the exercises,” a Bangladeshi intelligence source told Mizzima.

Burma, Rakhine State, Ann based Western Command instructed over 1,000 soldiers stationed in Maungdaw to build the border fence, Nasaka (border authority) personnel and the Township Police Force to suspend all their routine work and put them on alert.

“We received orders from the Western Command on May 9. They instructed us not to leave our units and be on stand by. I do not know until which date the order will be in place,” a security agency source told Mizzima.

It has been reported that Burmese naval boats and land forces are on stand by mode and are closely watching the situation.

“Sittwe Yechanpyin-based 4 naval boats are patrolling the maritime boundary round the clock,” a naval source said.

Mizzima for more

[Submitted by a reader with comment, “Nothing like a good little war to stiffen up the spirits! I hardly think BDR is in a position to do much.”]

Canada & the Caribbean

By Yves Engler

On Sunday, April 26th military forces trained by the Canadian Special Operational Regiment subdued a hijacker who took command of a Halifax-based CanJet plane at an airport partly run by Vancouver Airport Services. While Canadian companies and institutions played a major role in these events this drama did not take place in Canada. It happened in Montego Bay.

Canada has long been influential in Jamaica and across the English-speaking Caribbean. Some prominent Canadians once wanted to add Britain’s Caribbean colonies to Canada’s expanding territory. In the late 1870s the Canada First Movement sought “a closer political connection” with the British West Indies. By the early 1900s official Canadian policy supported annexing the British Empire’s Caribbean possessions (the various islands as well as British Honduras [Belize] and Guyana).

The West Indies Union movement reached its apex in the early 1900s, but the idea continued to find support after World War One. At the end of the conflict the other British Dominions (South Africa, Australia and New Zealand) that fought alongside London were compensated with German properties. With no German colonies nearby Ottawa asked the Imperial War Cabinet if it could take possession of the British West Indies as compensation for Canada’s defence of the Empire. London balked
Ottawa’s push to wrest control of the British Caribbean was spurred by insurance and banking companies, which entered the region when the Halifax Banking Company signed an agreement in 1837 with the Colonial Bank, a London headquartered operation that had a preeminent place in the British Caribbean. Prior to opening a branch in Montr, in 1882, the Merchants Bank of Halifax (later the Royal Bank) established itself in Bermuda. Most of the other major Canadian banks quickly followed suit. According to The Economist, by April 2008 Canadian banks controlled “the English-speaking Caribbean’s three largest banks, with $42 billion in assets, four times those commanded by its forty-odd remaining locally owned banks.”
Z Magazine for more

Farmers, Muslims had no faith left

By Jayati Ghosh

It is beyond doubt the general elections of 2009 have delivered a severe blow to the Left parties. Of course, it was always likely that the Left would come down from its historically high tally of 61 seats in the previous Lok Sabha elections, especially as these came overwhelmingly from only two states. But the extent of the decline in Left seats, to less than half the previous figure, nevertheless comes as a shock.

What is particularly disturbing is the performance in the two previous Left strongholds of West Bengal and Kerala. What explains this sharp deterioration?

This is a crucial question, since if the Left is to recover and grow again, as well as spread its message to other parts of the country, it is important to draw the right lessons from this defeat and to change strategy accordingly.

The lessons are likely to be different in the two states. Most people would agree that the Kerala state government is reasonably popular, and chief minister V.S. Achuthanandan certainly continues to command very high approval ratings. But the margins of victory and defeat have always been relatively small and the state has a history of consecutively shifting both Lok Sabha and Assembly victories across the two major fronts.

So even a small shift in vote percentage can cause very large shifts in the seats won or lost, and this is likely to have been the case in this election.

Having said that, it is also likely that the widespread perceptions of factionalism within the main party in the Left Front, the Communist Party of India (Marxist), made people uneasy and harmed the front electorally.

The rather rigid attitude towards alliances with some smaller parties in Kerala before this particular election also did not help.

In West Bengal the picture is more disturbing. There is clear evidence of vote shifts against the ruling Left Front, and this message from the electorate cannot be ignored but must be addressed. The Left Front has ruled the state for more than three decades, providing not only stability but also many extremely positive measures for the improvement of conditions of life of ordinary people: not just the crucial land reforms that were the most extensive of any state government in the last 30 years, but the pioneering moves towards decentralisation and providing more powers to locally elected bodies.

Deccan Chronicle

Pakistan on the Brink

By Ahmad Rashid

To get to President Asif Ali Zardari’s presidential palace in the heart of Islamabad for dinner is like running an obstacle course. Pakistan’s once sleepy capital, full of restaurant-going bureaucrats and diplomats, is now littered with concrete barriers, blast walls, checkpoints, armed police, and soldiers; as a result of recent suicide bombings the city now resembles Baghdad or Kabul. At the first checkpoint, two miles from the palace, they have my name and my car’s license number. There are seven more checkpoints to negotiate along the way.

Apart from traveling to the airport by helicopter to take trips abroad, the President stays inside the palace; he fears threats to his life by the Pakistani Taliban and al-Qaeda, who in December 2007 killed his wife, the charismatic Benazir Bhutto, then perhaps the country’s only genuine national leader. Zardari’s isolation has only added to his growing unpopularity, his indecisiveness, and the public feeling that he is out of touch. Even as most Pakistanis have concluded that the Taliban now pose the greatest threat to the Pakistani state since its cre- ation, the president, the prime minister, and the army chief have, until recently, been in a state of denial of reality.

“We are not a failed state yet but we may become one in ten years if we don’t receive international support to combat the Taliban threat,” Zardari indignantly says, pointing out that in contrast to the more than $11 billion former president Pervez Musharraf received from the US in the years after the September 11 attacks, his own administration has received only between “$10 and $15 million,” despite all the new American promises of aid. He objects to the charge that his government has no plan to counter the Taliban-led insurgency that since the middle of April has spread to within sixty miles of the capital. “We have many plans including dealing with the 18,000 madrasas”—i.e., the Muslim religious schools—”that are brainwashing our youth, but we have no money to arm the police or fund development, give jobs or revive the economy. What are we supposed to do?” Zardari’s complaints are true, but he does acknowledge that additional foreign money would have to be linked to a plan of action, which does not exist.
New York Review of Books